Eliminating sewage on the islands is handled in one of three ways. The first and least successful is the use of a cesspool. This is basically a simple pit that collects raw sewage and slowly trickles the raw wastes into the soil. The primary problem with a cesspool is the solid materials and bacteria come into direct contact with the soil and very little filtration occurs to prevent this.
The next option is an anaerobic septic tank. Like the cesspool, the anaerobic septic tank accumulates raw sewage, but it prevents it from seeping into the surrounding soil. This provides time for the sewage to separate and break down. As the waste enters the tank any liquid rises to the top and eventually trickles out through leach lines. This allows the liquid (effluent) to slowly percolate through the soil where it returns to the local water table. Large portions of the solid matter is broken down over time until the tank is full.
The third option is the use of aerobic septic systems. An aerobic system introduces oxygen into the mix, which increases the breakdown of solid waste and improves the overall function of the septic system. Aerobic septic systems will vary depending on requirements, but the basic layout uses one portion of the tank to collect waste and the rest of the tank for the aerobic filtration and effluent cleaning. This works because the second stage in the aerobic system is where the liquid waste is collected and oxygen is added. Oxygen allows bacteria to thrive, and this process increases the consumption of any waste proteins in the liquid.
The next step in the process allows any undigested solids to settle in a collection tank while the cleaner effluent flows into the treatment area.
The final treatment steps with aerobic septic systems usually include the disinfection of the effluent through the use of antibiotics or chemicals like bleach and then spreading it throughout the soil for percolation. The latter procedure can be handled by leaching the liquid through a series of perforated pipes placed over a bed of gravel and buried in shallow trenches. However, sprayer systems often provide a better method of controlling where the effluent is placed and when it is released.
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